Tourism Benefits and Costs

Executive Summary Tourism is a phenomenon which was extensively developed during the 20th century when people became able to afford a vacation once a year. This paper thoroughly examines all the positive and negative consequences of the development of tourism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism: Benefits and Costs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First off, it concludes that tourism can improve the economy. Tourism, in the first, place creates jobs, and reduces unemployment. It also generates huge amounts of revenue that the government can collect through taxes. In addition, all the other branches of the economy can be developed as consequences of a growing tourist industry. Environment and culture can also benefit from this industry because it provides a solid economic reason for preservation of customs and landscapes. As far as costs of tourism are concerned, it can be said that they are numerous, and that in every domain where it can be useful, tourism can also be devastating if it is not conducted properly. Therefore, in the economy, it can cause a country to become dependent on the capital generated in the industry. Furthermore, jobs in tourism are often insecure and poorly paid, and the money earned is often taken away from the country in which it is generated. Costs are also felt in the domain of environment and culture. Huge amounts of waste generated by hotels, restaurants and entertainment complexes destroy the environment. Finally, culture is being viewed as one big show rather than an integral component of the local people’s lifestyle. In the end, accomplishments and challenges of the newly emerging field of sustainable tourism are discussed. It is concluded that comprehensive theoretical models are lacking in this field, and that it demands long and expensive projects to be carried out before observable changes could take place.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the unsolved issues, it seems that sustainable tourism is the only way to go if we are to prevent the industry from destroying itself. Introduction One distinguished scholar in the field of tourism, Allen Beaver, defined tourism in the following terms: â€Å"Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes (Beaver 313). This phenomenon has a long history since rich people have always wanted to see different places and experience different cultures. Since the industrial revolution, the number of people who are able to afford such a luxury has been increasing constantly to the point where spending a vacation at some tourist center is no longer considered a luxury (Singh 189). This increase in popularit y of tourism has had a huge impact on the world economy, and tourism plays one of the most significant roles in some of the strongest economies in the world. It is easy to conclude that tourism can have incredibly positive impact on human society; however, significant changes that the 21st century has brought are starting to reveal many problems related to tourism. It is, therefore, essential to reevaluate the role of tourism in the 21st century, and reshape in the light of the ideas of sustainability.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism: Benefits and Costs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Benefits of tourism Economic benefits of tourism It is widely accepted that countries can benefits tremendously from tourism in economic terms. This is because it is an industry that does not demand huge investments, like for example metallurgy, but can pay off just the same. In modern market economies, tourism is for the most part run in the private sector, and governments earn large amounts of revenue through taxation. Furthermore, large tourist complexes employ thousands of people whose existence is dependent upon tourism. Owners, on the other hand, can accumulate large amounts of capital which is then invested in other sectors of the economy. Taxation of tourism Even though in politics, it is a constantly debated question as to how much of the income generated through tourism belongs to the government, one thing is certain – the state can earn a lot of revenue from it. In a recent study by Gooroochurn (2004), it has been confirmed that taxation in tourism is much more effective than taxation in any other domain of the economy. The author studied the case of Mauritius, an otherwise underdeveloped state, and concluded that in poor countries that have such potentials, it is a good idea to attract investments in tourism, and earn revenue through taxation (Gooroochurn 2004). Among the countries that earn a huge portion of their revenue from tourism are: Greece, Portugal, Spain, Egypt, Tunisia, etc.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Employment in tourism Providing goods and services for thousands of tourists every day demands a huge labor force. Ever since the beginning of tourism, people saw the employment potential that it has. According to the national statistical data, 16.5 % of all the labor force or around 700 000 people in Greece are employed in tourism. Furthermore, many people who do not have large amounts of capital, but live near tourist centers have great opportunities for self-employment. Most of those people run small cafes, trinket or souvenir shops or simply sell local food and drinks to the visitors. International Labor Organization predicts that in the following decade the number of jobs in tourism is to increase significantly, and claims that it is one sector in which the greatest potential is seen after the crisis (Employment in Tourism Industry). Secondary economic benefits Since all parts of the economic structure are interconnected, an economic boom in one of the component parts automatic ally overflows into all other parts. The income generated by the entrepreneurs is injected into other parts of the economy according to their ideas for further investment since every entrepreneur knows that money has to be invested further. It has been noticed that one of the most common domains where money earned from tourism is invested is infrastructure. Investors are aware that improving the infrastructure, roads, water and electricity supply, railways, etc. can increase the number of visitors to their tourist complexes. Furthermore, the government also recognizes the potential in tourism, and is often willing to subsidize the improvement of infrastructure (Karim 2011). Apart from the infrastructure, other domains of the economy which are often developed as a result of a country’ success in tourism industry are food and drink industry, agriculture, etc. Noneconomic benefits of tourism One can argue that in a capitalist society all the positive phenomena can be described i n terms of the economy. That might very well be the case; however, all the positive changes that occur in a country as a result of the development of tourism, and which are not directly related to the economy can be discussed under the label non-economic benefits. Cultural benefits Since the industrial revolution, together with the development of tourism, there has been an increase in the number of educated people. Their fascination with the historical heritage and cultural diversity of the world made way for the development of the so called cultural tourism. On the other hand, under the pressure of economic forces, local people are adopting the new ways of life, and because of the lack of time and resources, they are slowly losing their cultural heritage. The fact that there is little to be gained financially from being involved in the traditional customs causes many people to lose interest in them. For that reason, Weiner (2010) argues that cultural tourism is, in fact, the force that helps to preserve local customs and traditions. The interest of foreigners in local culture, according to Weiner, is what gives the economic value to the culture. He uses the example of Turkish baths in which he enjoyed while on vacation and concludes that the custom would have been extinct if it had not been for the tourists who were willing to pay to experience it. However, anthropologists argue that this way of preserving culture is deflationary and imperialistic (Menkedick 2010). Environmental benefits As in the case of culture, tourism has huge impact on the environment. There are both positive and negative environmental consequences of tourism; however, in this section only the positive ones are discussed. When a country is industrially underdeveloped, it usually possesses locations with well-preserved environment. In the course of the development of a country, it can be decided that those locations should be used for industrial development, and then polluters like mines and factories are built. Obviously, this has tremendous environmental consequences. Of course, it can be decided that the location be preserved in the original state which entails opportunity costs, but this seldom happens. Finally, it seems that the best solution is to build tourist complexes, and develop that branch of the economy. This course of action provides economic motivation for maintaining parks, funding research in resource management, improving environmental education and introducing strong legal framework for environment preservation (Sawkar et al. 8). Other benefits of tourism It is certain that benefits of tourism cannot just be reduced to economic, cultural and environmental ones. Surely, there are many other positive phenomena that occur as consequences of the development of tourism. First off, tourism helps in cherishing positive attitudes towards different cultures and customs. Secondly, it is a very good way of destroying negative attitudes towards foreigners, an d rejecting xenophobia, stereotypes and prejudices about others. Thirdly, it affords immense psychological satisfaction which stems from the interaction with others (Ritchie Goeldner 373-383). Tourism can also benefit individuals who have some health problems, and various resorts offer extensive treatment programs employing leading experts in therapeutic procedures. Costs of tourism Many people are inclined to think that tourism is a socio-economic phenomenon with only positive consequences; however, in reality the global economic system and the nature of tourism as a branch of the economy lead to some difficult economic problems. Furthermore, huge seasonal changes in the population which are caused by travel and tourism pose serious cultural and social challenges for the local communities. Finally, despite the fact that tourism can have positive effects on the environment and culture, if conducted improperly, it can have a devastating environmental and cultural impact. Economic co sts of tourism Seasonal jobs As we saw, the development of tourism has the potential to create a large number of jobs. However, the downside of this fact is that in most centers, these jobs are seasonal and not very well paid. This has some obvious negative consequences. First off, many people who work in the industry are dependent upon it for their existence. For that reason they are virtually employed for only 5-6 months per year due to the seasonal nature of their employment. This causes them to face severe financial problems during the period of the year in which they have no employment and income. Secondly, well-developed tourist destinations are very often located in very poor countries such as Maldives, Jamaica, Dominican Republic etc. In these places, unemployment is incredibly high and the average income is very low. Consequently, employers are in a position to give very low wages, and avoid hiring employees to work in their complexes on a regular basis. For that reason, th e turnover of the labor force is immense, and it is very difficult to protect labor rights in that context. Economic dependence The fact that profits in the tourism industry can be so high can cause the entire economy of a country or a region to steer towards that industry. This can be very dangerous for several reasons. It is well-known that tourism is not a firm basis for an economy because it is not a productive industry, and it is located in the domain of services. This has some very important consequences. First off, in case of a crisis, people usually sacrifice the expenses that they regard as luxuries, and their annual vacation is very often one of the first items on the list. Such events as crises can push a country into a severe depression if it is extremely dependent on tourism. For example, the recent financial crisis of 2008 significantly damaged the economy of Hawaii, which is extremely dependent on tourism because more than one third of the country’s revenue com es from tourism. Because of the financial crisis that hit the Western world, the tax revenue of Hawaii was reduced by more than 10 per cent, and the country lost 4.9 billion dollars in foreign spending (Woo). Furthermore, an economy which is extremely dependent on tourism runs not only the risk of economic crises, but also natural disasters. Many of the world’s most famous tourist centers are located in the areas which have the highest risk of natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanoes, tornados, tsunamis, etc. Such events can not only destroy tourist seasons, but also devastate the infrastructure and buildings of great importance, thereby deleting the region from the world’s tourist map. One recent example is the earthquake in Haiti. Just as Haiti was recovering from a long history of social and economic problems by developing tourist centers, an earthquake of 7.0 Mw destroyed most of the hotels and buildings leaving the country in ruins (Curley 8). Other Economic Issues The economy consists of such a complex set of relations between humans that one should not be surprised to discover that the effects of one phenomenon can have so many economic consequences, both positive and negative ones. One additional economic cost of tourism is the fact that the structure of the capital within the industry can be such that very small percentage of the total revenue remains in the country where all the tourist complexes are located. Globalized economy, such as the one we have at the beginning of the 21st century, allows the rich people and corporations from the Western world to build huge tourist complexes in Kenya or Nigeria, for example. If that happens, they usually attract Western tourists who are interested in buying Western food such as McDonald’s or clothes, such as Nike. All of that creates a seasonal Western market in Africa. An unfortunate fact for the local population is that all of those companies, at the end of the season, take their r evenue back to the Western countries, and they are left with very little money that they could earn competing with those Western giants (Sunyer 2010). Environmental costs It is quite a paradox that while thousands of people visit a location with intact nature and beautiful landscapes, by doing so they are slowly destroying that very same landscape. To make things even worse the more interesting and beautiful the landscape is, the more people it attracts, and the quicker it is destroyed. From building hotels, restaurants and entertainment centers to the basic elements of infrastructure like heating, water supply and roads, tourism causes significant reshaping of the original landscape, and the environment suffers a lot. Moreover, supporting thousands of people during the season demands immense amounts of food, fresh water and fuel. All of that creates large quantities of waste. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully plan and construct landfills and sewage systems. Both of these basi c constituents of an urbanized location have to cause some amount of pollution; however, it is essential that this pollution be kept at the minimum. It has been confirmed that leaving all of these concerns to the market will not do the job because meeting all the necessary requirements costs a lot, and in unregulated circumstances those who are careful to meet them simply cannot remain competitive. In this way locations which were originally attractive to tourists, within few years, become more polluted than some industrial centers. Therefore, it is absolutely essential to construct environmentally sound regulations to prevent the self-destruction of tourism in a country (Buckley 401). Cultural costs The final danger which comes with the development of tourism is that it can have devastating consequences for the local culture. By now it is noticeable that economy, environment and culture are the three domains that can benefit the most from the development of tourism, but at the same time it in these three domains that tourism can have the most devastating consequences. Moreover, it seems that culture is the one domain in which there is no way to establish control and make tourism fully sustainable. This is, for the most part, because of the fact that culture is constantly changing, and it is very difficult to control the direction of that change. While cultural heritage like, for example, the summer festivals of Scotland is preserved precisely because tourists come from all over the world to experience it, it is absolutely certain that it is not the same in all cases. From the anthropological point of view, it is questionable whether this way of preserving culture deserves praise at all. Some scholars, like Anthony Smith, would claim that it is not: â€Å"Tourism places the whole of the visited culture on sale, distorting its imagery and symbolism, turning its emotions loose, transforming a way of life into an industry†¦A culture†¦is turned from sub ject to object, from independent to dependent, from audience-in-its-own-right to spectacle† (quoted in Sunyer 2010) The argument is that culture is not really culture if it is not lived. The anthropologists would claim that this way of viewing the culture robs it of its essence. For them, the claim that reducing the culture to a mere spectacle helps in preserving it is similar to the claim that we have the culture of the 18th century France alive and existing when we are watching a play about Napoleon. Sadly, it is difficult to see any way in which sustainable tourism can account for this problem. After all, reducing the local culture to a mere spectacle is an integral part of cultural tourism, and there is nothing that can be done in that aspect, legally or otherwise. Sustainable tourism As it has been explained so far, it is very difficult to imagine tourism disappearing as a social category at this point in history. In fact, given all the beneficial aspect that it has, mirr ored mostly in economics, very few people would want it to disappear. Nonetheless, it is obvious that tourism implies some very difficult problems, in particular, its devastating impact on the environment and its imperialistic view of culture. Scientists and scholars have recognized this as a problem, and have been trying to find a solution for several decades now in the field called sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism is based on the assumption that it is possible to have all the beneficial effects of tourism, while at the same time making as little detrimental impact on the local environment and culture. It is an interdisciplinary approach to constructing policies that will account for all the relevant factors in order to maximize the positive economic aspects, and minimize the negative cultural and environmental ones. Sustainable tourism should also be viewed as a global movement that tries to educate people on the benefits of what they call Responsible tourism. Responsible tourism is something very similar to a tourist’s ethical codex. Its principles oblige tourists to be sensitive towards local cultures, and perform their environmental duties while on vacation. Some of these duties are: producing as little waste as possible, recycling, etc. However, this whole notion of responsible tourism implies that the visitors are informed about the harms they can potentially make, and the ways in which they can prevent those harm from taking place. Moreover, sustainable tourism is not a strictly defined set of strategies applicable to all contexts. It demands an analysis of all the relevant factors, and constant awareness of one’s actions from every visitor. As we can see sustainable tourism is a long term mission, which demands a lot of state intervention, education and responsibility. The real question at this point is whether there is time for such a long project. Some of the results of this global effort are quite obvious. For example, there a re more and more customers coming to tourist agencies, and asking for locations that promote sustainable tourism. On the other hand, what is very disappointing is that there is very little consensus among the experts as to which indicators should be used in order to evaluate whether a resort is practicing sustainable tourism. Moreover, some of the experts are not even sure where to draw the line between sustainable and unsustainable tourism (Miller 10). Conclusion In conclusion, tourism is a widespread and very popular social phenomenon, and people enjoy it for multiple reasons such as: health, education, sport, recreation, religion, or even pure hedonism. Furthermore, there is a strong economic motivation for the existence of tourism: jobs are created, states and entrepreneurs collect huge amounts of revenue and infrastructure is developed. Preservation of environment and culture also gets its economic basis in tourism. However, tourism causes some very deep social, cultural and ec onomic issues. History has taught us that many countries, after a certain period, tend to become economically dependent on it, which has its consequences in very deep recessions, seasonal unemployment, etc. Environment and culture also suffer because of the unplanned and irresponsible practice of tourism. Huge amounts of waste are being generated and culture is being viewed as one big show. Such practices have been referred to as unsustainable tourism because after a certain period such locations lose their attractiveness to visitors because the hotels are no longer solvent or environment and culture are no longer authentic and intact. Therefore, the only solution is the introduction of sustainable tourism which is a field in which many experts are trying to define ways to make tourism viable for future generations. It is certain that there are many reasons which make tourism worth struggling for. Works Cited Beaver, Allan. A dictionary of travel and tourism terminology. 2nd ed. Wal lingford, UK: CABI Publ., 2005. Print. Buckley, Ralf. â€Å"Tourism and Environment.† Annual Review of Environment and Resources 36 (2011): 397-416. Print. Curley, Robert. â€Å"The Tourism Impact of the Haiti Earthquake.† Caribbean Travel, Vacation and Holiday Guide – Guide to Caribbean Travel, Vacations, Trips and Holidays. N.p., 13 Jan. 2010. Web. https://www.tripsavvy.com/tourism-impact-of-2010-haiti-earthquake-3972902. â€Å"Employment in tourism industry to grow significantly over the coming decade, says ILO report.† International Labour Organization . N.p., n.d. Web. http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_146761/lang–en/index.htm. Gooroochurn, Nishaal. â€Å"Tourism and Taxation: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation.† Input-Output and General Equilibrium: Data, Modeling and Policy Analysis. ECOMOD. Input-Output and General Equilibrium: Data, Modeling and Policy Analysis, Brussels. 12 Sept. 2004. Lecture. Karim , Iqbal. â€Å"Standard Digital News : Magazines : Infrastructure is key to boosting tourism.† Standard Digital News : Home, Breaking News, Business, Jobs, Football, Travel, Tourism, Elections, National, Kenya, Nairobi, County, East Africa, Kibaki, Raila . N.p., 7 June 2011. Web. https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000036644/n-a. Menkedick, Sarah. â€Å"Tourism And The â€Å"Preservation† Of Culture: A Rebuttal | Matador Network.† Matador Network | travel culture worldwide. N.p., 3 Mar. 2010. Web. https://matadornetwork.com/abroad/tourism-and-the-preservation-of-culture-a-rebuttal/. Miller, Graham. The Development of Indicators for Sustainable Tourism: Results of a Delphi Survey of Tourism Researchers. London: University of Westminster, 2000. Print. Ritchie, J. R. Brent, and Charles R. Goeldner. Travel, tourism, and hospitality research: a handbook for managers and researchers. 2nd ed. New York: J. Wiley, 1994. Print. Sawkar, K, L Noronha, A Mascarenhas, O Chauhan, and S Saeed. Tourism and the Environment Case Studies on Goa, India, and the Maldives. Washington: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 1998. Print. Singh, L. Fundamental Of Tourism And Travel. Delhi: ISHA Books, 2008. Print. Sunyer, Pi. â€Å"The Cultural Costs of Tourism | Cultural Survival.† Cultural Survival | Partnering with Indigenous Peoples to Defend their Lands, Languages, and Cultures. N.p., 11 Feb. 2010. Web. https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/cultural-costs-tourism. Weiner, Eric. â€Å"Why Tourism is Not a Four-Letter Word – Features – World Hum.† The Best Travel Stories on the Internet – Travel Writing – World Hum. N.p., 1 Mar. 2010. Web. http://www.worldhum.com/features/eric-weiner/why-tourism-is-not-a-four-letter-word-20100301/. Woo, Stu. â€Å"Heavy Reliance on Tourism Has Hawaii’s Economy Hurting – WSJ.com.† Business New s Financial News – The Wall Street Journal – Wsj.com. N.p., n.d. Web. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125047318664935729. This essay on Tourism: Benefits and Costs was written and submitted by user L0la to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

aging population essays

aging population essays Ageing population is a worldwide pattern. The population is getting older this has social, political and economic impact on all societies. New Zealands ageing population is a consequence of many factors. It raises many issues with the policies of New Zealand. The factors that contribute to New Zealands increase in elderly are clear. High fertility rates, low mortality rates and the ageing of the immigrants that came to New Zealand in the first two decades of the century. This demographic change is putting increasing demand on New Zealands social services. Higher fertility rates occurred during the early nineteen hundreds. This is when most of todays elderly were born. This period is referred to as the Baby boomers. This is where an extra large cohort of people were born between 1946 1962. (Easton, 1980 p 71). Fertility now is on the decline and women are having on average one child less than in the 1950s. This is causing a generation gap, between the youth, working-age and the elderly. Variation in fertility is usually regarded as the predominant cause of change in age structure. (Heenan, 1993). Census forms taken every five years in New Zealand are the current source of research, and these may predict that generational inequality can occur. The second factor contributing to New Zealands Ageing population is Immigration. Historically immigration has always been important, and for a long period it to also regarded as the predominant, cause of population ageing in New Zealand. (Heenan, 1993). Immigration affects the elderly more than the younger age groups. Foreign born represent a large share of elderly New Zealanders. Census forms have been used to find out the number of immigrants in New Zealand. I question the validity of the testing and the results. Consequently ageing immigrants also brought about the change from a male dominant population to a f ...

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Monitoring System Of Transformer Engineering Essay

Monitoring System Of Transformer Engineering Essay Transformers have a long service life if they are operated at its full load conditions. However, their life is significantly reduced if they are overloaded, resulting in unexpected failures and loss of supply to a large number of customers thus effecting system reliability. Overloading and ineffective cooling of transformers are the major causes of failure in distribution transformers. Transformer follows Bath-curve relation type curve (Fig no. 1) for taking place fault in it. FIG. NO 1 BATH -CURVE The first phase indicates fault occurring due to improper service handling of transformer because it is new, second phase indicates fault occurring constantly and third phase fault are due aging problems. [5] Online monitoring of key operational parameters of transformers can provide useful information about the health of transformers which will help the utilities to optimally use their transformers and keep transformer in operation for a longer period. This will also help identify problems before any sudden failure which can result in a significant cost savings and greater reliability. There are various fault occurred in transformer which causes damaged to the transformer if they are not diagnosed at quick time. It is thus important to monitor transformer continuously. Online monitoring is the solution for continuously observing the health of transformer. With the advancement in technology various technique are used for monitoring continuously the transformer. The global system for mobile communication (GSM) is the best among them. II.FAULTS IN TRANSFORMER 1) Overvoltage : When the voltage in a circuit or part of it is raised above its upper limit, this is known as overvoltage. The conditions may be hazardous. Depending on its duration, the overvoltage event can be transient a voltage spike or per manent, leading to a power surge . Electronic and electrical devices are designed to operate at a certain maximum supply voltage, and considerable damage can be caused by voltage that is higher than that for which the devices are rated.Due to this Overvoltage there may be Mal-operation of Circuit -Breaker or other accessories can be take place and hence Power system may get collapse.Thus monitoring of such faults becomes necessary . 2) Single phasing : Single phasing is an unwanted condition where one phase in a three-phase power system is missing, due to a tripped breaker or other condition. With just two lines hot, there is no phase rotation and thus the power delivered to the load is single-phase. This is very bad for most three-phase loads with reduced power and continuously drawing current. 3) Temperature : Hot spot of the winding is the maximum limit of the load capability. Previously the hot spot is calculated by knowing the measurement of oil temperature and of load of current. Abnormal temperature readings almost always indicate some type of failure in a transformer. For this reason, it has become common practice to monitor the hot spot, main tank, and bottom tank temperatures on the shell of a transformer. 4)Moisture :The presence of water in the oil can lead to reduction in the dielectric strength of transformer oil also ageing of oil is also affected .Thus all this can lead to electrical breakdown of transformer oil. This is very critical situation therefore continuous monitoring of operation is required to protect transformer from all of this. 5) Gas in Oil Analysis: The two principal causes of gas formation within an operating transformer are electrical disturbances and thermal decomposition especially in Oil. During the natural aging process of the oil and insulating parts, especially in the case of thermal or electrical failures, cracked gases form, and are dissolved in the oil. The rate of decomposition and the type of gases evolved during operation; result in thermal overloading and electrical faults. Thus analysis of gas in oil is important for protect the Transformer against such fault. Dissolved Gas Analysis is one method by which different gases can be finding out in transformer oil. The gases forms like Hydrogen (H2), Methane (CH4), Acetylene (C2H2), Ethylene (C2H4), and Ethane (C2H6). Further, when cellulose insulation is involved, thermal decomposition or electric faults produce Carbon monoxide (CO), and Carbon dioxide (CO2). Following table shows the various fault can be occurred because of gases formation in oil. [9] TABLE NO. 1 Different Types of Fault Occur Fault Type Gases Responsible Corona Hydrogen , Acetylene Insulator Effect Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide Arc Formation Acetylene and Hydrogen Sparking Methane and Ethane Overheating Methane and Ethylene Method of Dissolved Gas Analysis: Traditionally Dissolved Gas Analysis has been carried out by taking a sample of oil from the transformer, sending it to a laboratory and waiting for the results. Unless there was any suspicion of a problem in the transformer, samples might be taken at intervals of up to 1 year, depending on the maintenance report of the operator. This means that a fault that develops over a shorter period of time then the sampling interval can be missed, leading to possible catastrophic failure of the transformer . Manual sampling can also lead to errors in the analysis. Results can vary from laboratory to laboratory, and even between users of the same equipment Units. Now therefore it is important to monitor such DGA analysis online. Online monitoring not only automized system but also reduced the manual mistakes. Continuous online monitoring helps to keep record of transformer health at every instant .By monitoring and record key operation of transformer is not only thing to be considered but it is necessary .[ 12 ] 6) Vibration: Transformer vibration (and consequently noise) is caused by the magnetostriction of the core laminates (the extension and contraction of the core lamination. Under alternating fluxes, this extension and contraction takes place twice during a normal voltage or current cycle .This means that transformer is vibrating twice of the frequency of supply resulting in vibration to occur mainly at 120 Hz. This vibration level depends on the transformer construction and design. Vibration level shall increased by through fault current, phase to ground or phase to phase fault. Thus monitoring is necessary for any kind of vibration in the Transformer. III.GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION Above fault identification techniques can be useful for identify various fault ,but it is always be helpful to have a continuous operation of transformer health because it causes least disturbance to the Transformer .Thus we proposed one method called as Global System for Mobile communication ( GSM ) helps to record operation of transformer and convey its data continuously to the operator by sending massage regarding transformer health .Previously SCADA system are used to monitor and record such key operation of transformer but since this system is complex and it is expensive to use .Thus GSM is the best alternative to it .Further the network of GSM technology is wider than other network hence it is flexible to use . [3] IV.DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGY The proposed on-line monitoring system consists of Global Service Mobile (GSM) Modem, with chip microcontroller and different sensor. It is installed at the transformer site and the finding parameters recorded using the analog to digital converter (ADC) of the embedded system. The acquired parameters are processed and recorded in the system memory. If there is any abnormality or an emergency situation the system sends SMS (Short Message Service) messages to designated mobile telephones containing information about the abnormality. Also, it sends SMS to a central database via the GSM modem for further processing. This mobile system will help the system to run under reliable condition and identify problems before any failure. V.BLOCK DIAGRAM The block diagram of proposed model is as follows. [11] VI . Ways of detecting various faults for online monitoring of Transformer 1) Measurement of Over-voltage : To measure overvoltage we used step down transformer in our project. The transformer connect across the phase and neutral of each phases (R, Y, B), which step down voltage from 300v AC (max) to 5 volt AC, further This voltage will be converted to DC by means of rectifier and give it to the input of ADC, the ADC will convert this signals in equivalent digital signals and give it to microcontroller. Further microcontroller compares these digital signals with the settled overvoltage (250v) and under voltage (180v) If the signals is greater than 250 volt and less than 180volt then the microcontroller trips the contactor. If in case of phase failure the microcontroller treat this fault as a under voltage because if any phase is not available that means the voltage is less than 180 v (0 volt is less than 180 volt) in this case also microcontroller trips the contactor. 2) Single Phasing : Single phasing can be prevented by using single phasing preventer. Single phasing preventer is an electronic circuit which prevents the three phase electronic operated electrical machines from single phase cut off, phase reversal and phase imbalance . 3) Temperature Monitoring: In order to make on-line monitoring possible, thermocouples are placed externally on the transformer and provide real-time data on the temperature at various locations on the transformer. High main tank temperatures have been known to indicate oil deterioration, insulation degradation, and water formation. 4) Moisture: Online monitoring can be used to improve the accuracy of Oil .Moisture sensors available can easily detect the presence of any moisture. 5) DGA Analysis: Nowadays DGA usually consists of three steps: i) Sampling of oil in an airtight glass tube made up of borosilicate of capacity 150 ml to 250 ml. ii) The DGA technique involves extracting or stripping the gases from the oil and injecting them into a gas chromatograph (GC). Detection of gas concentrations usually involves the use of a flame ionization detector (FID) and a thermal conductivity detector (TCD). Most systems also employ a methanizer, which converts any carbon monoxide And carbon dioxide present into methane so that it can be burned and detected on the FID, a very sensitive sensor. iii) The separated gases are detected by thermal conductivity detector for atmospheric gases, by flame ionization detector for hydrocarbons and oxides of carbon. Following fig no. 3 [13] shows the Gas Chromatography technique: FIG. NO 3 Thus at present, gas chromatography is the main method which can achieve the fault diagnosis by the on-line monitoring to the dissolved gases in the transformer oil. But it has many disadvantages, such as the aging, Pollution and saturation of chromatogram columns and it takes a long time consuming much carrier gases during the monitoring process. Concerning these disadvantages, on-line monitoring to the groups of dissolved gases through the gas sensor array is suggested. [7] VII. Conclusion Due to daily increased load of power system it is important to maintain system Reliability .As transformer plays important role in power system by maintaining reliability it is important that we should keep transformer from daily fault occurring in it just by observing its key parameter so that such fault cannot result in bigger failure also apart from these sharing of data information is also essential using new technology at reduced cost . System to expert systems can be used to achieve all the parameters test and analysis of automation every system is automated in order to face new challenges in the present day situation. Automated systems have less manual operations, so that the flexibility, reliabilities are high and accurate. Hence every field prefers automated control systems. Especially in the field of electronics automated systems are doing better performance. [10] VIII. References [1] Guiyin Yu, and Lu Zhang, Application of Electrical Transformer Online Monitoring System International Conference on Intelligent Control and Information Processing August 13-15, 2010 Dalian, China [2] Abdul-Rahman AI-Ali, Abdul Khaliq Muhammad Arshad, GSM-Based Distribution Transformer Monitoring System Dubrovnik, Croatia IEEE MELECON 2004, May 12-15, 2004 [3] Constantin Daniel Oancea, Member, IEEE GSM Infrastructure Used for Data Transmission The 7 th international symposium on advanced topicin electrical engineering, Bucarest May 11-14 2011 [4] Fagarasan, Sorina Costina, Sergiu St. ILIESCU3, Monitoring and Diagnosis Methods for High voltage power Transformer U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series C, Vol. 70, No. 3, 2008 [5] Cbengtsson ABB Transformers AB Ludvh, Sweden,Status and Trends in Transformer MonitoringIEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.11, No. 3, July 1996 [6] J.C. Burgos , E. Pagan , B. Garcia , Experiences in Managing Transformers through Maintenance Operations and Monitoring Systems 21, rue dArtois, F-75008 Paris http://www.cigre.org,May 2004[7] Lynn Hamrick ESCO Energy Services,Dissolved Gas Analysis for Transformers Winter 2009-2010 NETA WORLD [8] A. Kingsmill S. Jones Application of new condition Monitoring Technologies in the Electricity Transmission Industry, Transgrid University of Australia [9] Fredi Jacob Dissolved Gas Analysis, Past Present Future ACTI Inc. Jan 21, 2003. [10] Brian D Sparling, Jacques Aubin,Power Transformer life extension through better monitoring [11] A review by Vidhata Technologies [12]Sherif S.M.Ghoneim,Advances in electrical Engineering sy stem , Volume 1 2012, ISSN 2167-633 [13] Online transformer monitor site preparation guide ,Model T M Series ,August 27 2008

Drug Use Among Teenagers :: essays research papers

Drug Use Among Teenagers While I was conducting my research, I located the actual survey results and decided to include them with this essay. (I included them at the end of my essay). ~~~ The three main drugs that are used among teenagers are Marijuana, LSD, and a variety of inhalants. The use of these drugs seem to be of an astronomical amount according to the survey conducted by the University of Michigan. Marijuana is a green, brown, or gray mixture of dried, shredded flowers and leaves of the hemp plant (Cannabis Sativa). You may hear marijuana called by street names such as pot, herb, weed, boom, Mary Jane, gangster, or chronic. There are more than 200 slang terms for marijuana. Sinsemilla (sin-seh-me-yah; it's a Spanish word), hashish ("hash" for short), and hash oil are stronger forms of marijuana. All forms of marijuana are mind-altering. This means they change how the brain works. They all contain THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), the main active chemical in marijuana. But there are also 400 other chemicals in the marijuana plant. LSD LSD is very potent: the effective dose is measured in micrograms (ug) -- however, the lethal dose is literally thousands of times that, making the drug essentially non-toxic. LSD can be administered a number of ways, the most common: orally through paper, sugar cubes, on a piece of gelatin, or by pill; intravenously; or intramuscularly. A standard dose with noticeable hallucinogenic effects is about 100-200 ug. The intensity of the trip is proportional to the size of the dose -- it is interesting to note, though, that the duration of the trip seems to stay the same at higher doses (Freedman, 1984). The initial effects begin 20-40 minutes with a sense of euphoria and dizziness. Hallucinations then begin to occur, with the trip peaking for 4-5 hours after about an hour since the drug is taken. Inhalants People use certain inhalants to obtain a "high." These inhalants could be anything from glue to certain fumes. Inhalation of dangerous and toxic substance is extremely dangerous and can cause serious health problems or death. The Reasons for Drug Use To Climb Among Teenagers Stupidity is one reason! There are many reasons why drug use continues to climb. The laws are not strict enough for teenage offenders. When a teenager, or any other person, is caught possessing Marijuana they receive a "slap on the wrist." They receive a fine or some sort of community service punishment and that is it. Another reason would be the idea that, "everyone else does it and nothing bad happens to them, I might as well do it too!" Teenagers see other people using

How Does Donatello Tell the Story of the Annunciation

Painting/Sculpture Essay- Ronan Carey Donatello, originally known as Donato, was given the name Donatello by his relatives and thus, wrote it that way on many of his works, was born in Florence in the year 1386. A gifted artist, he was not only an excellent sculptor and a marvellous statuary, but also prevalent in stucco, an able master of perspective, and a greatly admired architect who worked in virtually every medium possible during his long career, marble, bronze, low relief, pietra serena (dark stone), and even wood .And according to Vasari in his â€Å"Lives of the Artists†: â€Å"his works showed so much grace, design, and excellence, that they were held to approach more nearly to the marvellous works of the ancient Greeks and Romans than those of any other craftsman whatsoever. † The piece that shall be discussed in this essay is the work considered by many to be Donatello’s most important work in pietra serena, the â€Å"Annunciation (c. 1435)† fo r the Cavalcanti tabernacle, in the Santa Croce Chapel, Florence.The entire piece is 218cmx268cm, and is an architectural sculpture that takes the place of an altar in a family chapel, located in the right aisle of the Chapel following the renovation of the Original church and destruction of the original Chapel by Vasari. The Annunciation itself is a biblical scene that refers to moment in which the angel Gabriel delivers the news to Mary that she is to bear the child of Christ. In the Bible, the Annunciation is narrated in the book of Luke, Luke 1:26-38: Luke 1:26 and in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God unto a city of Galilee, named Nazareth, to a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David; and the virgin's name was Mary. And the angel came in unto her, and said, Hail, thou that art highly favoured, the Lord is with thee: blessed ‘art' thou among women. And when she saw him, she was troubled at his saying, and cast in her mind wha t manner of salutation this should be. And the angel said unto her, Fear not, Mary: for thou hast found favour with God. And, behold, thou shalt conceive in thy womb, and ring forth a son, and shalt call his name Jesus. He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the Highest: and the Lord God shall give unto him the throne of his father David. It was the skill of Donatello to translate this scene into a sculpture so vibrant and powerful that generation after generation would look upon it and understand the power and significance of the depiction. According to Joachim Poeschke, author of â€Å"Donatello and his World†, like Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello felt that â€Å"the Distance between the viewer and the action had to be overcome in the emotional sense as well as the visual†.It is this mentality that causes the work of Donatello to sweep a viewer up and allow them to feel in the midst of the action, He did not have to â€Å"rely on realistic effects to create such brilliance but rather focus on his own imagination and creative control over his piece†. However, in this piece, Donatello does actually create a harmoniously realistic rendering of such a miraculous and often over-exaggerated scene. So how exactly does Donatello tell the story?Well the strength of the piece lies in its choice of subjects, their depiction, and the complex emotional brevity he applies to their story. The sculpture itself is carved from a single stone of pietra serena, a typically dark stone that is often avoided by sculptors for its monotony in tone and contrast but in the hands of Donatello he used exquisite gold gilding to create a rich and sensuous appeal to the carving. The gold would have glimmered high above the parishioners in the candlelight of the otherwise dark Franciscan church, notable for its one large external rose window.It is important to note the fact that the parishioners would have been looking up at the elevated sculpture as it plays a paramount role in our understanding of its depiction. Donatello used foreshortening in his rendering of Mary to the extent that on ground level, her right leg appears slightly shorter than it would be if it was anatomically correct. An article in â€Å"The Florentine† magazine by Jane Fortune discusses how this foreshortening allows the figures to stand out in what appears to be a much higher relief than one would expect. However, as Bonnie A. Bennett and David G.Wilkins say in â€Å"Donatello†, the use of a richly patterned and gilded background immediately behind the figures prevents the illusion of further depth, but this restricted spatial effect is very appropriate for Donatello’s annunciation as it architecturally justifies his omission of several iconic elements of the annunciation scene. If we look at the figures presented we see only the Angel Gabriel and Virgin Mary and her lyre back chair. It was common practice in the history of art in 15th Century t o depict Mary and surrounding with numerous symbols to increase the abject legitimacy of the art.Some of these elements include Mary reading or holding a book to display knowledge and wisdom, a lily for purity, a lectern for the word of God or a dove to show the Holy Spirit. In Donatello’s rendering of the Annunciation, however, there are none of these icons save for the Virgins’ book but there is also no loggia, no view into the virgin’s bedchamber, and no symbolic walled garden to represent her virginity. Florence’s museums and churches abound with portrayals that at times seem overcrowded with symbolism and icons to inform a viewer of the theological importance of the scene they are witnessing.Donatello has chosen to do with away with any imagery that may cloud the focus on the Virgin and Gabriel to allow a viewer to become swept up in the complex story at hand. These omissions only prove to make what Donatello has actually included all the more essent ial. If we look at how exactly he has illustrated the angel Gabriel we see that he has chosen the moment when Gabriel has literally just entered the room, his large, deep wings are still unfurled in manner that suggest he has only landed this very second to deliver his news.His drapery and ribbons are swept back behind him to accentuate this idea of swift movement and he appears to genuflect on one knee instead as he comes to a landing with his mouth slightly agape in the act of addressing the virgin. Donatello is transmitting the idea of the power and meaningfulness behind what Gabriel has to say. The Madonna herself is in a pose not usually seen up until that point in art history. According to Gerald S. Davies in the Burlington Magazine, â€Å"She is arrested at the precise moment when it expresses the most completely a condition of mental emotion†.She has been caught whilst reading a book; it is still held firmly in her grasp. We can tell she has just risen at the appearan ce of the angel as she has turned by impulse to leave, clearly taken aback by this miraculous apparition. Her right knee, already bent to take the first step, tells us this. Her left foot is planted firmly on the ground and is yet to be moved. With her right hand she is briskly yet still gracefully clasping for her mantle, which suggests it has fallen from her shoulders as she leapt up in commotion but also confirms that she is accepting of the Angel’s news as she places her hand on her heart.All of these subtle movements come together to express an emotional experience of hearing the message of an angel. Her face is turned downwards in a gracious pose reminiscent of Greek classical sculpture that places it almost completely in profile and away from the direction she is apparently walking. This one look, alone, tells us that what she is hearing is clearly an encapsulating and spellbinding message. In conclusion, Donatello has created something truly special in his depiction o f the Annunciation.His omission of several elements in this much re-created scene gave it its own individual appearance and personality, and although it is clearly indebted to the high-relief Greek classical sculptures of Donatello’s favour, it still remains utterly contemporary and even forward thinking in terms of renaissance sculpture. He has taken an otherwise difficult and unspectacular medium, pietra serena, and bent it to his will to create a spectacular piece of ecclesiastical sculpture.His contemporaries would have been so impressed by this work for its sheer courage if nothing else, Donatello did away with traditional conventions for the sake of expressing more genuine emotional in his art. His ability to allow the three essential elements of the story to occur simultaneously, that of the angel’s arrival and the virgin’s shock, his message being delivered, and Mary’s eventual acceptance, is what elevates this work of stone into another level of artistic expression for its time that would have amazed his contemporaries as well as the average citizens of Florence.References: Donatello- Bonnie A. Bennett and David G. Wilkins (pg. 32/147/148) Joachim Poeschke- Donatello and his world (pg. 32/56) Jane Fortune- Variation on a theme: Annunciation- The Florentine-published June 28, 2007 Giorgio Vasari- the lives of the Artists Tuscany Arts- Looking at Donatello’s Annunciation Gerald S. Davies – A Sidelight on Donatello’s Annunciation- The Burlington Magazine- published 1908

Whats Eating Gilbert Grape

Whats Eating Gilbert Grape Death is a reaccurrent theme in the film whats eating gilbert grape:yet the ultimate effect is is hopefull and full of images of rebirth and life...Well hopefull,but certainly not always showing images of rebirth and life, in many cases it is death that entraps people and other times offers freedoms or the chance to make dramatic changes to ones life. Gilberts fathers death didnt offer freedom at all in fact it is this that caused the entrapment of the family and the isolation we so commonly see throughout the film.Albert Grape was the first death in the family and the film we dont know alot about him and why it happened but we know that he commited suicide. And this is where problemns for the grape family began. Living in the small town of Endora wit6h nothing the only sign of civilisation in the whole town being the recently opened foodland supermarket.Two Japanese Imperial Marines who committed suicid...Withe as Gilbert says "life just passing them by."A younger ortistic brother w ho needed to be under constant supervision adn cared for all of the time who offered Gilbert no privacy what so ever who was difficult ot control and sometimes a social embarrassenment. For Gilbert " sometimes you want him to live sometimes you dont." so from the beginning it was going to be hard. But as a sign of mommas despair she resorted to comfort eating and gained weight untill she became so overweight she was completley incompetant.leaving her three children to care for her. Her husbands death had such an effect on her that she created a fear of being alone shown by her constant pleads to gilbert not to 'disappear' on her. It was gilbert who became the fathre figure of the house taking care of momma arnie his own job and...

Free Essays on Sexism In Advertising

Abstract: Sexism is as pervasive in American culture as consumption is. In a society that is media driven, what is the impact of the media’s gendered language, idealized bodies and sexual stereotypes brought forth in an effort to get one to purchase a product? If sexism is truly ingrained into advertisements, what impact does this steady barrage of degradation have on the viewer, the intended audience, and more importantly on the consumption patterns? The hypothesis that sexism in ads leads to greater attention to the ads, as well negative feelings from the objects of the ads holds true. This is likely because males are the center of the advertising community, and women are disenfranchised from being the intended receiver of advertising. Sexism, defined as â€Å"behavior, conditions, or attitudes that foster stereotypes of social roles based on sex†, is as pervasive in American culture as consumption is. In a society that is media driven, what is the impact of the media’s gendered language, idealized bodies and sexual stereotypes brought forth in an effort to get one to purchase a product? If sexism is truly ingrained into advertisements, what impact does this steady barrage of degradation have on the viewer, the intended audience, and more importantly on the consumption patterns? Sexism in advertising This is a culture driven by entertainment and media. The average child in the United States watches over 1095 hours of television a year (Hager, 1997), with over 360 hours of commercial programming included in that figure. In a study of the existing three television networks in 1987, there were over 65,000 sexual references broadcast that year during prime time afternoon and evening hours. This averaged 27 sexual messages per hour (Key, 1989). Of these ads, a large number will feature slogans such as â€Å"Kid tested, mother approved†, â€Å"Choosy moms choose Jif†, or â€Å"This is not your father’s Oldsmobile†. These gendered... Free Essays on Sexism In Advertising Free Essays on Sexism In Advertising Abstract: Sexism is as pervasive in American culture as consumption is. In a society that is media driven, what is the impact of the media’s gendered language, idealized bodies and sexual stereotypes brought forth in an effort to get one to purchase a product? If sexism is truly ingrained into advertisements, what impact does this steady barrage of degradation have on the viewer, the intended audience, and more importantly on the consumption patterns? The hypothesis that sexism in ads leads to greater attention to the ads, as well negative feelings from the objects of the ads holds true. This is likely because males are the center of the advertising community, and women are disenfranchised from being the intended receiver of advertising. Sexism, defined as â€Å"behavior, conditions, or attitudes that foster stereotypes of social roles based on sex†, is as pervasive in American culture as consumption is. In a society that is media driven, what is the impact of the media’s gendered language, idealized bodies and sexual stereotypes brought forth in an effort to get one to purchase a product? If sexism is truly ingrained into advertisements, what impact does this steady barrage of degradation have on the viewer, the intended audience, and more importantly on the consumption patterns? Sexism in advertising This is a culture driven by entertainment and media. The average child in the United States watches over 1095 hours of television a year (Hager, 1997), with over 360 hours of commercial programming included in that figure. In a study of the existing three television networks in 1987, there were over 65,000 sexual references broadcast that year during prime time afternoon and evening hours. This averaged 27 sexual messages per hour (Key, 1989). Of these ads, a large number will feature slogans such as â€Å"Kid tested, mother approved†, â€Å"Choosy moms choose Jif†, or â€Å"This is not your father’s Oldsmobile†. These gendered...

The Difference in Authority Status Within the Family Essay

The Difference in Authority Status Within the Family - Essay Example My grandparents, we called them â€Å"mama† and â€Å"papa† respectively. We respected them because of their wisdom and feared them because of their ages. Our own parents made sure that the value of respect for the elders, especially the heads of the family, was instilled into our minds at an early age. This meant that even if we could reason out and discuss with our parents when something was not going our way, we were not given the same liberties by our parents when our grandparents were the ones in charge of us. We had to follow their orders without question or pause. The area where we grew up was unique because we had both the comforts of the city and the quiet existence of a farm life where we lived. The town proper and the malls were easily accessible to us while the area where we lived still housed goats and cows, a backyard industry of the residents of our area. In a way, I grew up in what others might consider being strange surroundings but was perfectly normal for me. Our family lived closer to the city proper while the other members of our family lived no further than 15 minutes away from us by car ride. So we were constantly having family gatherings and the kids grew up as playmates and best friends. I guess that is what makes my family unique. Even if we have few friends outside of our family circle, we never feel like we need more because everyone in our family is a friend to one another. We stick up for each other in much the same way that our parents and grandparents do when the need arises. One of my favorite memories from my childhood was when I was little and just about to start school. There were about 3 of us who were close in age who was also about to start school and that particular summer was the season that the older cousins got to teach us about how to survive in school. Somehow, I did not feel afraid about starting school because I knew that my siblings and cousins would also be in the same school. So I did not have to f ear to be alone, friendless, or bullied. I was right. When school started, we looked like a mafia family as the older relatives made sure that the younger ones made it to school on time, got into the right classes, and had someone to hang out with during breaks. Nobody dared mess with us. Our family took up a whole table to ourselves during lunch break and we always did what our parents told us to do, avoid trouble in school by sticking together. The only time we were separated from each other was when we finally had to report to class. When school was over, we would meet up at the front gate of the school and head on a home by school bus, still all together. Those were some of the most fun times I had as a child. I enjoyed going to school because it was a way that I could always hang out with my cousins and vice versa. We lived for school days and the weekends. Our parents found this puzzling at first but then came to realize that we were truly each other's best friend so our desir e to constantly be together was understandable and encouraged. After all, our parents believed that having each other as best friends meant that we would be free from trouble anywhere we went. It was because our cousins were inseparable that it became harder and harder for us to shop for holiday gifts for one another. Somehow we already knew who got what for whom and yet we still managed to act surprised when we would open our grits on Christmas Day.

The Success of Rio Tintos Moves to India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Success of Rio Tintos Moves to India - Essay Example Tinto’s machines include Bulldozer, compact excavation machines, shredders, and grinders2. The mine raw materials from the mines are treated using fans. After treatment stage, decomposition and purification process follows immediately. The result of the two phases is a semi-solid product. This product is concentrated to a finished final product. The report summarizes the results of feasibility study in India. Rio Tinto proposes to use India as a distribution centre for its copper products. This company has taken this decision because of limited copper ores in India. Their plans are to extract and smelt copper using the sophisticated machinery from their company in Australia. They will then export copper products to enormous market in India. In this way, Rio Tinto will tap the untapped Indian market. They intend to take advantage of the large populace population in India. Rio is confident that India will not import copper product anymore from other countries. It expects a fair marketplace in India. Expansion of market to any region of this world is a challenge3. This is a guiding principle at the heart of the Rio Tinto management. Rio Tinto seeks important details on India’s technology level, the available workforce, and the type of infrastructure. Since India will serve as a distribution point, the company does not require a manufacturing plant. Rio Tinto is aware of possible market risk in the foreign nations. Technology is a very critical in the expansion of Rio Tinto’s. This is the reason why it has to do an in-depth research on market prospects in India. The report seeks to address many issues, which are central to the success of Rio Tinto’s moves to India. To start with, it will evaluate political environment in terms of India’s government stability. Next, it will discuss the legal framework with key interest in business law, labor laws, and taxation law. This is very crucial because the laws stipulate the procedures of e xport and import trade. The report will investigate both economic and socio-cultural environment. It will endeavor to assess tax policies, currency exchange rates, and inflation rates in India. Later it will survey the technological aspect of business environment and analyze external and internal factors, which affect Rio Tinto. This is the SWOT analysis. Finally, the report will give its recommendations to the Rio Tinto’s management on the feasibility of India as their market target4. 2.0 Political Environment 2.1. Government stability The India’s current government under Pratibha Patil has sound policies to promote direct foreign investments. The government embraces global trade links. They have a stable political system whereby they hold elections after every five years. Their rich democratic system receives acknowledgement globally. 2.2 Government and contribution Health investment policies attract a large pool of both domestic and foreign investors. The Foreign in vestment policy came into effect back in 1991. This policy has undergone through major reforms to suit the interest of investors. Currently the policy allows automatic and government-administered ways of investment5. The foreign investment policy is friendly enough to permits investor from outside to collaborate with either local or their foreign counterparts. 2.3 Analysis Indian government shows political will.